There is a huge demand of aggregates for the construction of roads and concrete constructions in Pakistan. The construction of roads for high-speed traffic and heavy axle loads put enormous pressure on road materials. Many public sectors as well as private organizations are carrying out a wide range of research projects on the environmental, feasibility, and economic performance of using industrial waste products in the construction of roads. This study is attempted to fulfill the needs of society in the safe and economical disposal of waste material. This research aims to explore the potential use of copper slag (CS) as a replacement of fine aggregate and filler material. Comparison of conventional HMA samples and HMA samples having some percentage of copper slag as a replacement of fine aggregates. First, test aggregates and bitumen with 0% copper slag to determine their mechanical properties. Make samples and add bitumen percentage (3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, and 5.5%). Copper slag was added with 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% by weight. In the end, the tests were performed on the Marshal Apparatus. The experimental results showed that the addition of 20% of copper slag as fine aggregates has maximum Marshall Stability, a higher flow rate, maximum VFB and specific gravity slightly increases as compare to conventional HMA. Therefore, the strength is maximum by the addition of 20% copper slag, so we can use it in heavy traffic lanes and runways. Copper slag is economical as compared to other fine aggregates, so it should be implemented in Pakistan. Sufficient research has been conducted in Pakistan since it’s not being implemented frequently. Therefore, we have some solid reasons, conclusion and recommendations in this research.

Power lines exist everywhere. Interference of power frequency with signals of other systems (telephone, music, and so on) is inevitable. This results in deteriorating the quality signals of other systems to be used for accomplishing required tasks. In this paper, a continuous-time notch filter is employed for removing the interference or annoying hums caused by the powerline frequency or its second or third harmonics in two engineering systems, namely the telephone transmission system, and the tape deck system. The notch filter accomplishes this task by attenuating the magnitude of the interference signal at a notch frequency to zero (ideally speaking). The paper may serve as a starting point for the engineering students who want to learn the basics of analog filters. MATLAB/Simulink based simulation results display that the notch filter can successfully filter out power frequency interference/hums or its harmonics to get the required quality signal at the output.

The purpose of our research work is to provide a design layout, installation method and protection system for cables and wires through cable tray/ladder supporting system in electric power generating, transmitting and distribution stations. This system provides different methods of laying cables on cable trays and supporting channels, which make it easy for cables to run between different electrical equipment and provide physical protection to the cables. The main objective of the proposed research work is to minimize premature cable failures and their consequences. It is found that majority of cable failures in a substation are result of poor layout of cable termination and mechanical damage during cable installation. No one-cable characteristics should be emphasized to the serious detriment of others. To achieve sound cable system, it is necessary to provide good practices of design, construction and installation as well as balanced characteristics of cables. The possibilities of electrical failure can be reduced by implementing proposed method. The proposed work provides guidance for cable termination, cable routing and good practice of cable installation system in substation, which can also utilize in commercial applications.

The Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices have opened new doors for controlling the power flow over the transmission line and to enhance the usable capacity of an existing power system. Unified Power Flow Controller (UPFC) is a versatile device which can independently control the line voltage and active and reactive power flow on the transmission line. This research shows that a UPFC is able to control both the transmitted real power and, independently, the reactive power flows at the sending and the receiving end of the transmission line. The UPFC model is applied to an existing large size power plant, installed on a 132 kV transmission line. The main objectives are to control active and reactive power flow and to minimize the power losses thus improving the overall economics of the system. MATLAB/Simulink has been utilized for simulations. The results show a considerable saving in the operation of the plant

According to this research, time and cost overruns in construction initiatives of Pakistan. So, carried out the qualitative questionnaire survey to collect the data for each time and cost invades. For distributing the questionnaire, visited many construction businesses of Pakistan like National Engineering Services Pakistan (NESPAK), Construction & Works (C&W), National Logistics Cell (NLC) and many other non-public companies. Also, h designed the on-line filling questionnaire and used the net (social media) to distribute the questionnaire however the response is very inadequate. Distributed 70 questionnaires and capable to receive 50 questionnaires back. And used the SPSS software for evaluation of our questionnaire data and discovered the results. SPSS is a statistical package for beginning, intermediate, and superior statistics analysis. Also calculated the relative importance index (RII) for all trouble and as mentioned by outcomes have given the rank to each factor. Found the effects of questionnaire survey facts that the most integral element which is accountable for time overruns is ‘’delay in economic guide by using proprietor to the contractor (stage with the aid of stage payment)’’ having relative importance index (RII=0.796). Sometimes the consumer is neglecting his obligations to lift on the building challenge and shows his laziness to pay the “pay progress” to the contractor. This causes conflicts between the contractor and client, the work stops to pay development regulates. Find out the outcomes of a questionnaire statistics after analysis the most quintessential issue is “Change orders with the aid of owner in the course of construction”, having relative significance index (RII=0.756). When the client is interfering in the development initiatives again and again then it creates issues for contractors, employees and consultants then the task is struggling from time and cost overruns.

In this present work the influence of austempering heat treatment was studied on ductile iron. Medium frequency induction furnace was used to make casting samples. Austempered Ductile Iron (ADI), which is a relatively new material is produced by the process of austempering heat treatment. ADI material is a very valuable. The properties of ADI are equivalent to forged steel. This study was done to develop Austempered Ductile Iron and to find out the effect of heat treatment temperature. In this study samples were treated, one with higher heat treatment temperature i.e. 370 0C and other in lower range of temperature i.e. 285 oC were used. For austenitizing of samples the furnace temperature was maintained at 900 oC and the samples were heated for one hour. After austenitizing, the samples were dipped in a salt bath at temperatures i.e. 285 oC and 370 oC for one hour. The researcher found encouraging result. Almost double tensile strength was achieved with the same composition of the samples only with the heat treatment at lower temperature.

During the last decade there is tremendous increase in the construction activities in Pakistan. Most of the development projects including orange line metro project are not completed within the allocated time and cost. It is necessary to identify the factors causing delay in such important projects. This study is carried out to establish the reasons due to which orange line metro project faced serious delays in its completion. For this purpose a questionnaire consisting of 38 activities causing expected delays is prepared and distributed in all the eight zones of metro train transit project. Data collected from the sites has been processed, analyzed and results presented through bar charts. On the basis of the results it is observed that stay orders from the higher courts, late delivery of land by the client, frequent changes by the owner, non-payment of cash on time, late procurement of material at site and sudden cancellation of contract at package-2 are considered to be the most significant factors causing delays in orange line metro train project.